Advancements in Smart Bionanotechnology: Synergistic Integration of Metallic-Polymeric Nanocomposites and Essential Oils for Sustainable Food Systems and Precision Agriculture

Abstract

The global food system faces unprecedented challenges driven by population growth, resource depletion, and climate change, necessitating a paradigm shift towards sustainable and efficient technologies. This paper explores the transformative potential of converging nanotechnology and biotechnology, specifically focusing on the synergistic integration of metallic-polymeric nanocomposites and essential oils (EOs). By leveraging the unique physicochemical properties of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) such as silver (Ag), zinc oxide (ZnO), and copper oxide (CuO), reinforced within polymeric matrices, and combining them with the potent bioactivity of EOs, a new class of "smart" bionanomaterials has emerged. These hybrids offer dual-action antimicrobial protection, enhanced barrier properties, and controlled release mechanisms that significantly outperform conventional materials. This review synthesizes recent advancements in synthesis techniques, property enhancements, and emerging functionalities in smart packaging and precision agriculture. Furthermore, it integrates recent breakthroughs in AgriTech, including AI, robotics, and advanced sensing technologies, to provide a holistic view of the future of sustainable food systems. Critical regulatory and safety challenges are addressed to provide a roadmap for widespread industrial adoption. The comprehensive analysis presented herein aims to guide researchers and industry stakeholders in harnessing the full potential of this synergistic bionanotechnology.